Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. Ten important differences between theory x and theory y are discussed in this article. As part of this theory, managers must be able to motivate employees. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the. Introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home.
Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use. Mcgregors sets forth two alternative views of human nature first view are called theoryx and the second view is called theoryy.
Douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Douglas mcgregor s conceptualization of theory x and theory y has influenced management practices for almost six decades, despite the relative paucity of empirical support. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers.
Thinker 026 introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Both theories x and y are proposed by mcgregor which describe the workforce models which are contrasting in nature and which are used by reporting managers in organizational behaviour and human. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. May 05, 2018 douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Importantly, different types of employees are motivated by. In his book the human side of enterprise 1960, douglas mcgregor studied behavior patterns of individuals in the workplace, and formulated the x and y theory. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. The negative view he called theory x and the positive view he called theory y. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Jim was a fellow manager at hanover insurance, and we often reflected on the diseases produced by the prevailing hierarchical management practices of that time. This theory was developed by douglas mcgregor in 1950s at mit. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book. The human side of enterprise in the book the human side of enterprise, mcgregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and selfcontrol, which he called theory x and theory y, respectively. Douglas mcgregors work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Aug 21, 2015 in 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Theory x and theory y of motivation the business professor. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Jan 01, 2019 it is mcgregors conclusion, of course, that the latter approach to organization is the more desirable one for managers to follow. The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Douglas mcgregors conceptualization of theory x and theory y has influenced management practices for almost six decades, despite the relative paucity of empirical support. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation. Theory x suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought.
Thus, all workers dislike work, try to avoid work, are born inherently lazy, must be constantly dominated into doing a honest. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article. Social psychologist douglas mcgregor of mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Furthermore, there is a certain amount of confusion around the underlying principles of the theories.
Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles biography douglas mcgregor. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices mcgregor was a student of abraham maslow. He was particularly interested in what motivates people to work hard, in particular on what belief systems motivate people to work hard. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. The definitive guide stepbystep maslows hierarchy of needs. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management style and fulfillment of psychological contract. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. Theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace.
In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Theory x is based on the assumption that the average person has an inherent dislike of work physical and mental effort, does not want responsibility, and lacks ambition. Theory x and theory y were proposed by management theorist douglas mcgregor. While in high school, mcgregor worked as night clerk at the mcgregor institute, a family affair originally established by his grandfather, but managed by his father and his uncle to provide temporary accommodation for around 100 transient workers at a time. Therefore, managers must direct employees, control them through close supervision, and coerce.
It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles. Teori x dan teori y menurut douglas mcgregor ilmu manajemen. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees motivation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the.
Jika manajemennya yakin bahwa sebagian dari karyawannya tidak menyukai pekerjaannya, maka gaya manajemen akan cenderung ke gaya manajemen otoriter. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y as far as mcgregor was concerned, this was a starting place, not a definitive set of universal rules to be adopted without question. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos. Nov 25, 2019 douglas mcgregors theory incorporates both internal and external motivation. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog.
First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Management theorist douglas mcgregor coined these terms to describe two fundamentally different approaches to managing people. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management approach, and this break new ground for argument that employees of an organization are not merely cogs in the machinery of. It is mcgregors conclusion, of course, that the latter approach to organization is the more desirable one for managers to follow.
Teori x dan teori y menurut douglas mcgregor gaya manajemen suatu perusahaan sangat dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan dan asumsi manajemennya terhadap apa yang merupakan dorongan kerja karyawannya. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregor s theorizing as theory x y. Learn how douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y can help you think about team member motivation. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. In the 1960s douglas mcgregor a social psychologist of mit developed two well known contrasting theories on human motivation and management theory x and theory y. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y.
They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Both theories rest on the assumption that management is required to coordinate all aspects of the value delivery process to be productive. Nov 30, 2016 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. Douglas mcgregor proposed two models of trust that formed the basis of two different managerial approaches, one based on a positive view of subordinates and one based on a negative view. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation.
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